Evaluation of propanediol and cobalamin metabolism in the intestinal colonization and systemic invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in laying hens / [Avaliação do metabolismo do propanodiol e da cobalamina na colonização intestinal e na infecção sistêmica de Salmonella Enteritidis em poedeiras]

Embora Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) seja capaz de metabolizar 1,2-propanodiol (1,2-Pd), utilizado como fonte de carbono e de energia ao longo de uma rota dependente de vitamina B12, a importância deste composto na infeção de Gallus gallus domesticus por SE permanece desconhecida. No presente estudo, foram construídos um mutante de SE sem os genes pduCDE, que codifica a propanodiol desidratase (Pdu), e outro contendo as deleções no pduCDE e também nos genes cobS e cbiA, responsáveis pela síntese de vitamina B12. Em seguida, avaliou-se a importância do metabolismo do 1,2-Pd em SE para colonização intestinal de infecção sistêmica de poedeiras comerciais. As estirpes mutantes de SE foram capazes de colonizar o intestino, de serem excretadas nas fezes e de invadir o baço e o fígado na mesma intensidade que a estirpe selvagem, o que sugere que os produtos dos genes pduC, pduD, pduE, cobS e cbiA não são essenciais durante infecção por Salmonella Enteritidis nessa espécie.(AU)

Encapsulation of specific Salmonella Enteritidis phage f3αSE on alginate-spheres as a method for protection and dosification

Background: Bacteriophages have been proposed as an alternative to control pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics. However, they are not extensively used due to different factors such as vulnerability under environmental conditions and the lack of efficient administration methods. A potential solution is the encapsulation of bacteriophages in hydrogel polymers to increase their viability and as a controlled release method. This work describes the use of alginate-Ca+2 matrixes as mechanisms for protection and dosification of the phage f3αSE which has been successfully used to prevent infections produced by Salmonella Enteritidis. Results: The viability of the pure phage is reduced in near 100% after 1-h incubation at pH 2 or 3. However, the encapsulated phage remains active in 80, 6% at pH 3, while no differences were observed at pH 2, 4 or 7. Exposition of f3αSE to different T° showed that the viability of this phage decreased with increased T° to near 15% at 60°C, while the encapsulated phage remains with 50% viability at same temperature. Finally, the encapsulation of phages showed to extend their presence for 100 h in the medium compared to non-encapsulated phages in a water flow system, which simulate automatic birdbath used in poultry industry, maintaining the phage concentration between 102 and 104 PFU/mL during 250 h. Conclusions: Encapsulation in alginate-Ca+2 spheres can be a good alternative to extend viability of phages and can be used as a phage method dosification method in water flow systems.

Contribution of flagella and motility to gut colonisation and pathogenicity of Salmonella Enteritidis in the chicken

ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis causes fowl paratyphoid in poultry and is frequently associated to outbreaks of food-borne diseases in humans. The role of flagella and flagella-mediated motility into host-pathogen interplay is not fully understood and requires further investigation. In this study, one-day-old chickens were challenged orally with a wild-type strain Salmonella Enteritidis, a non-motile but fully flagellated (SE ΔmotB) or non-flagellated (SE ΔfliC) strain to evaluate their ability to colonise the intestine and spread systemically and also of eliciting gross and histopathological changes. SE ΔmotB and SE ΔfliC were recovered in significantly lower numbers from caecal contents in comparison with Salmonella Enteritidis at early stages of infection (3 and 5 dpi). The SE ΔmotB strain, which synthesises paralysed flagella, showed poorer intestinal colonisation ability than the non-flagellated SE ΔfliC. Histopathological analyses demonstrated that the flagellated strains induced more intense lymphoid reactivity in liver, ileum and caeca. Thus, in the present study the flagellar structure and motility seemed to play a role in the early stages of the intestinal colonisation by Salmonella Enteritidis in the chicken.

Ground water as the source of an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis

In September 2014, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported to the Public Health Institute ofSibenik and Knin County in Croatia. The outbreak occurred in the County center of Sibenik, a town with 50,000 inhabitants, and it lasted for 12 days. An epidemiological investigation suggested a nearby water spring as the source of the outbreak. Due to the temporary closure of the public water supply system, the inhabitants started to use untreated water from a nearby spring. Microbiological analysis revealed that the outbreak was caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis that was isolated from stool samples of the patients and ground water. The isolates were further analysed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using Xbal, which revealed an identical macrorestriction profile. Although 68 cases were reported, it was estimated that the actual number of affected persons was more than several hundred. In order to prevent further spread of disease, public advice was released immediately after the first epidemiological indication and a warning sign was placed at the incriminated water source, after microbiological confirmation. It is necessary to regularly monitor microbiological quality of ground water especially in urban areas and provide adequate education and awareness to the inhabitants regarding the risk of using untreated ground water

Establishment of a pathogenicity index in Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium strains inoculated in one-day-old broiler chicks / Estabelecimento de um índice de patogenicidade em cepas de Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium inoculadas em pintos de um dia de idade

Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are responsible for causing huge economic loses in aviculture, as they lead young broiler chicks to develop clinical disease and thus increase mortality. Salmonella's pathogenicity is considered complex and multifactorial, demanding more studies that could elucidate the interaction between host and pathogen. The present study aims to evaluate the virulence of 130S. Enteritidis isolates and 70S. Typhimurium inoculated in one-day-old chicks through the establishment of a pathogenicity index. For each strain, 10 commercial chicks from the Cobb lineage were used. Then, 200µL of a solution containing 2x108 CFU of S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium were inoculated in the birds by intraperitoneal via. Mortality and presence of lesions such as aerosaculitis (A), perihepatitis (Ph), pericarditis (Pc), peritonitis (Pt), onfalitis (O) and cellulitis (C) were registered daily for seven days. From the second to the seventh day there was a proportional decrease in the punctuation of the time of death (TD) for each day that the bird had survived. The pathogenicity index was calculated using the following formula: PI = (TD x 5) + A + Ph + Pc + Pt + O + C. The obtainment of the PI of each bacterial sample was achieved by calculating the rate of the ten inoculated birds. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to attribute the pathogenicity value for each strain, which enabled us to classify them in groups of low (27/200), intermediate (95/200) and high (78/200) pathogenicity. The utilization of standards like time of death and presence of septicemic lesions made it possible to determine the pathogenicity rate for each strain. Besides that, the proposed model has presented dramatic differences between the high, intermediate and low pathogenicity groups, which makes this mechanism useful for further classification of strains isolated in poultry farms.

Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium são responsáveis por imensos prejuízos econômicos ao setor avícola, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento de doença clínica e ao aumento da mortalidade em aves jovens. A patogenicidade de Salmonella é considerada complexa e multifatorial, necessitando de estudos que possam esclarecer a interação entre patógeno e hospedeiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a virulência de 130 isolados de S. Enteritidis e 70 de S.Typhimurium, inoculadas em pintos de um dia de idade, por meio do estabelecimento de um índice de patogenicidade. Para cada cepa, foram utilizados 10 pintos comerciais da linhagem Cobb. As aves foram inoculadas com 200µL de uma solução contendo 2x108 UFC de S. Enteritidis ou S. Typhimurium, por via intraperitoneal. A mortalidade e a presença de lesões como aerossaculite (A), peri-hepatite (Ph), pericardite (Pc), peritonite (Pt), onfalite (O) e celulite (C) foram registradas diariamente durante sete dias. Do segundo ao sétimo dia, houve uma diminuição proporcional da pontuação no tempo de morte (TM) a cada dia em que o animal sobrevivia. O cálculo do índice de patogenicidade de cada pintinho inoculado (IP) obedeceu à seguinte fórmula: IP = (TMx5) + A + Ph + Pc + Pt + O + C. Para obtenção do IP de cada amostra, foi realizada a média do IP obtido com as 10 aves inoculadas. Com base nos resultados observados, foi possível atribuir um valor de patogenicidade a cada uma das cepas, permitindo classificá-las em grupos de baixa (27/200), intermediária (95/200) e alta patogenicidade (78/200). A utilização de critérios, como tempo de morte e presença de lesões septicêmicas, permitiu a determinação de um índice de patogenicidade para cada cepa. Além disso, o modelo proposto apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos de alta, intermediária e baixa patogenicidade, permitindo, assim, a sua aplicação para classificação futura das cepas isoladas em granjas avícolas.

Detection of virulence-associated genes in Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from chicken in South of Brazil / Detecção de genes associados à virulência em cepas de Salmonella Enteritidis isoladas de frangos na região sul do Brasil

Salmonella spp. are considered the main agents of foodborne disease and Salmonella Enteritidis is one of the most frequently isolated serovars worldwide. The virulence of Salmonella spp. and their interaction with the host are complex processes involving virulence factors to overcome host defenses. The purpose of this study was to detect virulence genes in S. Enteritidis isolates from poultry in the South of Brazil. PCR-based assays were developed in order to detect nine genes (lpfA, agfA, sefA, invA, hilA, avrA, sopE, sivH and spvC) associated with the virulence in eighty-four isolates of S. Enteritidis isolated from poultry. The invA, hilA, sivH, sefA and avrA genes were present in 100% of the isolates; lpfA and sopE were present in 99%; agfA was present in 96%; and the spvC gene was present in 92%. It was possible to characterize the isolates with four different genetic profiles (P1, P2, P3 and P4), as it follows: P1, positive for all genes; P2, negative only for spvC; P3, negative for agfA; and P4, negative for lpfA, spvC and sopE. The most prevalent profile was P1, which was present in 88% of the isolates. Although all isolates belong to the same serovar, it was possible to observe variations in the presence of these virulence-associated genes between different isolates. The characterization of the mechanisms of virulence circulating in the population of Salmonella Enteritidis is important for a better understanding of its biology and pathogenicity. The frequency of these genes and the establishment of genetic profiles can be used to determine patterns of virulence. These patterns, associated with in vivo studies, may help develop tools to predict the ability of virulence of different strains.

Salmonella spp. estão entre os principais agentes causadores de doenças transmitidas por alimentos, e o sorovar Salmonella Enteritidis é o mais frequentemente isolado no mundo. A virulência de Salmonella spp. e a sua interação com o hospedeiro são processos complexos que envolvem fatores de virulência para sobreviver às defesas do hospedeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar genes de virulência em cepas de S. Enteritidis isoladas a partir de fontes avícolas no sul do Brasil. Ensaios de PCR foram desenvolvidos para a detecção de nove genes (lpfA, agfA, sefA, invA, hilA, avrA, sopE, sivH e spvC) associados à virulência em oitenta e quatro amostras de S. Enteritidis. Os genes invA, hilA, sivH, sefA e avrA estavam presentes em 100% dos isolados; lpfA e sopE estavam presentes em 99%; agfA em 96%; e o gene spvC estava presente em 92%. Foi possível caracterizar os isolados em quatro perfis genéticos distintos (P1, P2, P3 e P4), sendo P1 positivo para todos os genes; P2 negativo apenas para spvC; P3 negativo para agfA e P4 negativo para lpfA, spvC e sopE. O perfil de maior frequência foi P1, presente em 88% dos isolados. Apesar de todos os isolados pertencerem ao mesmo sorovar, foi possível observar variações na presença de genes associados à virulência entre os mesmos. A caracterização dos mecanismos de virulência circulantes na população de Salmonella Enteritidis é importante para um maior entendimento da sua biologia e patogenicidade. A frequência destes genes e o estabelecimento de perfis genéticos podem ser utilizados para determinar os padrões de virulência dos isolados. Estes padrões, associados a estudos in vivo, podem auxiliar na elaboração de ferramentas que permitam predizer a capacidade de virulência das diferentes cepas.

Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis SE86 in mice

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic -infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert anta-gonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 10(8) viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10,and after 10 days, challenged with SE86.The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.

Recurrent meningitis due to Salmonella enteritidis: A case report from Kashmir India.

Recurrent bacterial meningitis in children is potentially life-threatening and induces psychological trauma to the patients through repeated hospitalization. Here we report a case of recurrent meningitis in a one month old baby. The CSF and blood culture grew Salmonella enteritidis. Injection ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were given for 3 weeks. Baby became symptomatically better and was afebrile at discharge. Twenty eight days after discharge baby got readmitted with complaints of fever and refusal of feeds. Blood and CSF culture again showed growth of Salmonella enteritidis. Physicians should be educated about the possibility of recurrence which may occur days or even weeks after apparent successful antibiotic treatment.

Salmonella enteritidis spondylodiscitis: case report and review of literature

Extraintestinal manifestions of Salmonellosis are rare. Most of cases reported presented gastrointestinal symptoms, and were immunologically compromised. We report a case of a young immunocompetent patient with Salmonella enteritidis spondylodiscitis. She did not present any digestive symptoms. The tomodensitometric exam revaled L2 L3 spondylodiscitis. The culture of the biopsy yielded S. enteritidis. In the litterature, 115 cases of non-typhoidal salmonellosis were reported. Most of cases occur in patients immunologically compromised by sickle cell disease. Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella choleraesuis were the most common serotypes described

Controle da infecção por Salmonella Enteritidis em frangos de corte com ácidos orgânicos e mananoligossacarídeo / Control of the infection caused by Salmonella Enteritidis with organic acids and mannanoligosaccharide in broiler

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação de dois ácidos orgânicos (ácido fórmico e ácido propiônico) e de um mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) adicionados à dieta no controle da infecção intestinal por Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) em frangos de corte. Neste estudo de 39 dias, foram utilizadas 150 aves, de um dia de idade, da linhagem Cobb, lote misto, livre de SE, divididas em seis tratamentos (T) com 25 animais cada, em que: T1 (ausência de infecção), T2 (ácidos orgânicos e ausência de infecção), T3 (ácidos orgânicos + MOS e ausência de infecção), T4 (ácidos orgânicos e infecção com SE), T5 (ácidos orgânicos + MOS e infecção com SE) e T6 (infecção com SE). No 4º dia após o alojamento, a cama foi instilada com SE e a cada sete dias cinco aves por grupo foram submetidas à eutanásia por deslocamento cervical e necropsiadas. Depois foram realizados exames bacteriológicos para SE nesses animais, utilizando fezes coletadas sobre a cama de maravalha dos grupos e das tonsilas cecais dos animais necropsiados. No 18º dia, somente 60 por cento das aves estavam infectadas nos tratamentos T4 e T5; no 25º dia, 40 por cento das aves no T4 e 20 por cento no T5 estavam infectadas; no 32º dia 100 por cento das amostras testadas foram negativas em ambos os tratamentos (T4 e T5). Constatou-se que o T6 foi 100 por cento positivo até o 32º dia e no 39º dia reduziu em 20 por cento o número de animais infectados. Dentro dos parâmetros de avaliação deste experimento, os ácidos orgânicos e o mananoligossacarídeo adicionados à dieta contribuíram para o controle da infecção por SE.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two organic acids (formic acid and propionic acid) and of one mannanoligosaccharide added to the diet to control the intestinal infection caused by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in broilers. In this study of 39 days 150 birds were used, with one day of age, of the Cobb lineage, both sexes and free of SE. They were divided in 6 different treatments (T) with 25 birds each, where: T1 (no infection), T2 (organic acids + no infection), T3 (organic acids + mannanoligosaccharide and no infection), T4 (organic acids and infection with SE) T5 (organic acids + mannanoligosaccharide + and infection with SE) T6 (infection with SE). After housing, the chicken litter was instilled on the 4th day with SE and every seven days, five birds from each group were euthanized through cervical dislocation. The necropsy was performed and also the bacteriological exams to detect SE, using the feces collected over the chicken litter of the groups, bacteriological analysis of the cecal tonsils was done as well. On the 18th day only 60 percent of birds were infected in treatments T4 and T5; on the 25th day, 40 percent of birds in T4 and 20 percent in the T5 were infected; on the 32nd day, 100 percent of tested samples were negative in both treatments. The T6 group was 100 percent positive until the 32nd day, but on the 39th day, it got reduced in 20 percent of the number of infected animals. In the experimental conditions of this study, the organic acids and the mannanoligosaccharide added to the diet contributed to control the infection caused by SE.

Phage-resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and pathogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans is mediated by the lipopolysaccharide

Phage therapy has been used in the past as an alternative therapy against bacterial pathogens. However, phage-resistant bacterial strains can emerge. Some studies show that these phage-resistant strains are avirulent. In this study, we report that phage-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (hereafter S. Enteritidis) were avirulent in the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. We isolated phage-resistant strains of S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 by using three lytic phages (f2aSE, f3aSE and f18aSE). In these mutants, we explored different virulence factors like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), virulence plasmid (Pla), motility and type I fimbriae, all of which may have effects on virulence and could furthermore be related to phage resistance. The phage-resistant strains of S. Enteritidis showed loss of O-Polysaccharide (O-PS) and auto-agglutination, present a rough phenotype and consequently they are avirulent in the C. elegans animal model. We speculate that the O-PS is necessary for phage attachment to the S. Enteritidis cell surface.

Uso de microbiota cecal congelada com crioprotetores em pintos infectados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis / Use of frozen cecal microbiota with cryoprotectors in chicks experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis

Pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram tratados com microbiota cecal cultivada em condição de aerobiose, nos tempos de congelamento de 90, 200, 290 e 360 dias, e associada aos crioprotetores sacarose, trealose, dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e glicerol. Posteriormente as aves foram desafiadas com Salmonella Enteritidis, visando determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos em relação à quantidade de bactérias viáveis da microbiota que foi maior aos 90 dias (10,58 Log10 UFC/ml), quando as aves foram tratadas com sacarose, e menor aos 290 dias, quando tratadas com glicerol (7,73 Log10 UFC/ml). No tempo zero, todas as aves apresentaram Salmonella (100 por cento) quando tratadas com DMSO e glicerol, com colonização cecal de 4,9 e 5,2 Log10 UFC/g do conteúdo cecal, respectivamente; aos 360 dias nenhuma ave foi infectada, independente do tratamento. A microbiota cecal, independente de tratamento, sempre determinou menor quantidade de S. Enteritidis em qualquer um dos parâmetros pesquisados, quando comparada com a das aves não tratadas. O congelamento em nitrogênio líquido foi eficaz na manutenção da viabilidade da microbiota cecal até 360 dias.

One-day-old broiler chicks were treated with cecal microbiota cultivated under aerobiose conditions, frozen during 90, 200, 290 and 360 days and associated with different cryoprotectors such as sucrose, trehalose, DMSO and glycerol. Subsequently, the birds were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis in order to determine the efficacy of the different treatments in relation to the quantity of viable bacteria, which was higher at 90 days when treated with sucrose (10.58 log10 CFU/ml) and lower at 290 days when treated with glycerol (7.73 log10 CFU/ml). The quantity of infected birds was 100 percent in 0 time, when the cecal colonization by S. Enteritidis was 4.9 and 5.2 log10 CFU/g of cecal content, respectively treated with DMSO and glycerol. No bird was infected at 360 days, irrespectively of the treatment. In all treatments, the cecal microbiota always determined a lesser quantity of S. Enteritidis for all the studied parameters compared to non-treated birds. Frozen in liquid nitrogen was effective in maintaining the viability of cecal microbiota during the experimental period of 360 days.

Aspectos da contaminação alimentar por Salmonella / Aspects of the alimentary contamination for Salmonella

A importância do controle da qualidade dos alimentos é de fundamental importância, a fim de que sejam eliminados os riscos de contaminação da população por via alimentar, principalmente de patógenos como as bactérias do gênero Salmonella. O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar questões sobre segurança alimentar, correlacionadas à Salmonella, seus principais aspectos epidemiológicos e a possibilidade da sua transmissão para o homem por alimentos e animais. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico através de bancos de dados internacionais SCIELO, HIGHWIRE e LILACS. Através deste levantamento, podemos concluir que ainda há muito a ser estudado sobre a bactéria Salmonella e suas formas de contaminação no meio, entretanto, com cuidados sobre a qualidade do alimento e uma fiscalização dos manipuladores de alimento, os índices de contaminação e mortalidade diminuirão.

Epididymo-orchitis and testicular abscess caused by salmonella enteritidis in immunocompromised patients in Kuwait

To report relatively uncommon presentations of epididymo-orchitis and testicular abscess caused by Salmonella spp. in 2 immunocompromised patients. A 56-year-old man, a known case of systemic lupus erythematosus on azathioprine and prednisolone therapy, developed urinary tract infection followed by bacteremia and epididymo-orchitis. Both urine and blood cultures yielded Salmonella enteritidis strains, which were demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing method to be genotypically identical. The second patient, a 55-year-old diabetic [type II], presented with a testicular abscess from which a pure culture of S. enteritidis was obtained. Both were treated with intravenous piperacillin and amikacin followed by oral ciprofloxacin, responded well to the therapeutic regimen and were discharged home well. Their follow-ups were uneventful. This report shows that it is important to consider Salmonella infection in the differential diagnosis of inflamed and tender testis in immunocompromised patients and to include blood, urine and stool cultures in all cases

Cambios epidemiológicos de las salmonelosis en Chile: desde salmonella typhi a salmonella enteritidis / Changes in epidemiological patterns of salmonellosis in Chile: since salmonella typhi to salmonella enteritidis

Chile ha experimentado un cambio epidemiológico en la última década con la desaparición progresiva de la fiebre tifoidea causada mayoritariamente por Salmonella typhi y la emergencia epidémica de Salmonella enteritidis, un agente de diarrea sin tratamiento específico eficaz y ligado estrechamente a productos avícolas contaminados e inadecuadamente preparados. La fiebre tifoidea ha disminuido su importancia debido al desarrollo humano experimentado en Chile que ha significado un alto grado de cobertura de agua potable y de manejo de excretas, en conjunto con un mayor nivel de educación, factores que limitan la contaminación del ambiente por este agente y la adquisición de él por huéspedes susceptibles. A pesar de este notable avance, un nuevo serotipo de salmonela ha irrumpido en Chile, denominado enteritidis, que ha logrado aprovechar el nuevo escenario logrado con la industrialización avícola donde miles de aves ahora conviven en pequeños espacios facilitando la infección cruzada entre ellas. La contaminación intermitente de huevos por vía transovárica o superficial permite la llegada de este agente en forma errática pero persistente al ser humano. Este nuevo escenario y la ausencia de un tratamiento antimicrobiano eficaz para este agente, obligan a que nuestro país adopte nuevas estrategias de prevención que involucran a productores, distribuidores y consumidores de productos avícolas

Detección de salmonella enteritidis en muestras de productos avícolas de consumo humano en la Región Metropolitana / Detection of salmonella enteritidis in samples of poultry products for human consumption in the chilean metropolitan area

Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a frequent cause of diarrhea, and is transmitted mainly by SE contaminated eggs or poultry meat. The frequency of SE contaminated eggs or chicken meat and the risk for acquiring this pathogen is unknown in Chile. Aim: To measure SE contamination in eggs poultry meat and entrails offered in retail markets in the Metropolitan Area during two consecutive years (1998-1999). Material and methods: Samples were placed in sterile bags and transported to the laboratory before 4 hours at 4­C. Microbiologic detection was done using a standard procedure and an immunodetection assay. Results: SE was found in one of 1081 egg samples (0.09 percent). The contaminated sample was offered in a supermarket under their own commercial name. Six percent of 1154 poultry meat samples were contaminated by SE and 2.3 percent by other Salmonella serotypes. Entrails had even higher rates with 10.2 percent of 370 samples harboring SE and 2,7 percent other serotypes. Total Salmonella sp. isolates and SE isolates declined during 1999. Nine SE phagotypes were identified, predominating types 4 and 7. Conclusions: Eggs and other avian products are contaminated by different SE phagotypes and other Salmonella serotypes, implicating a risk for the consumers

Salmonella septic arthritis complicating rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with total knee replacement

Objective and Importance: Salmonella septic arthritis [SSA] in any age group is a relatively rare disease. The prime objective of this communication is to report a relatively uncommon presentation of SSA in a prosthetic knee joint of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Presentation: We report a 51-year-old lady with rheumatoid arthritis and total knee replacement who, while on methotrexate and azathioprine, developed Salmonella enteritidis bacteraemia complicated by septic monoarthritis of the left prosthetic knee. The same organism, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing method, was isolated from the blood, joint aspirate and stool. Intervention: She was aggressively treated with antibiotics by giving the maximum dose of ceftriaxone, 2 g intravenously every 8 h for 4 weeks. In addition, close drainage with syringe and needle was also done on a few occasions. She responded well to this regimen. Follow-up for approximately 1 year at the clinic has been uneventful. SSA in a patient with a history of diarrhoea and a recent visit to the Indian subcontinent should be investigated for salmonella infection. Adequate antibiotic therapy, with repeated close drainage of the joint, is recommended for SSA in a prosthetic joint

Salmonella: comparación de dos métodos para su detección en alimentos para aves / Comparison of two methods for detection of Salmonella in broiler feed

El método de hibridación colorimétrico de Gene Traktm (GENE TRAK Systems, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, M.A.) fue comparado con la metodología convencional propuesta por International Commission for Microbiological Standard Foods (ICMSF) en la detección de Salmonella en muestras de alimentos balanceados y materias primas de origen animal y vegetal utilizadas en la formulación de los mismos. Se procesaron 249 muestras que incluyen muestras inoculadas y 9 muestras no inoculadas. De un total de 240 muestras no inoculadas, 62,9 por ciento no acusaron presencia de Salmonella por ningún método, 27,9 por ciento fue positivo por ambos métodos y el 9,2 por ciento dio positivo por Gene Trak no pudiéndose confirmar después de cinco determinaciones por el método convencional. Esta metodología se presenta como un método interesante de detección con importantes ventajas frente al convencional: facilidad para procesar un gran número de muestras sin despliegue de gran cantidad de material, acortamiento del tiempo en obtener resultados y alta sensibilidad